Overtraining: Balancing Tough Practices and Performance

Josh is a nationally ranked football player, a senior in high school who is preparing for D1 college. With his sights set on graduation and moving up to the college level, Josh sets out not only to attend his team’s twice-a-day practices and semiweekly weightlifting sessions, but also to do more than any other player every day. He comes to practice early in order to work on foot work and stays afterward to lift weights. He’s up early each morning to get in an extra run. After week one, Josh is tired but confident that he will be in far superior condition than his competitors. Week two brings on increasing fatigue and difficulty sleeping, which begins to worry Josh. Josh tells me, “I need to learn how to relax or something—I can’t seem to get myself ready for practice.” After learning more about his symptoms of hard training and fatigue, I broach the subject of overtraining, but Josh isn’t interested in hearing about it.

Josh’s lack of competitive motivation continues; he is uninterested in eating and lethargic, and he becomes increasingly anxious about his prospects at. At the beginning of the season, he plays poorly.

Josh’s case is all too common—an athlete who seeks to put distance between them self and their competition by doing more, and then more again. Josh’s opposition to acknowledging that he might be overtraining is a frequently observed feature of this syndrome.

What is overtraining, and how can you tell when you or an athlete you coach is overtrained? One of the major difficulties in answering this question is the lack of a reliable way to assess whether an athlete is training at the optimal level versus entering the negative realm of overtraining.

Overtraining, defined by the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) in 1999 as “the syndrome that results when an excessive, usually physical, overload on an athlete occurs without adequate rest, resulting in decreased performance and the inability to train,” is on the rise.

While we might argue that overtraining is an almost inevitable by-product of elite athletes being willing to do anything to “get the edge,” this phenomenon is spreading to other levels of sport as well. Researchers are noting an increased incidence of overtraining among even the youngest athletes, who appear all too ready to absorb our culture’s messages about “more is better” and “no pain, no gain.” More recently, of course, overtraining has come to mean something very different—an undesirable outcome of too much training that actually prohibits positive adaptations. For the sake of this discussion, I will limit the term to refer to an undesired outcome of fatigue and performance decrements.

Causes of Overtraining

Stressors related to training and nontraining can cause overreaching and overtraining. In the training realm, an overtraining effect can be elicited in several ways: sessions that are too long or too intense, progressions of training increases that are too steep, and too little time devoted to recovery between sessions, to name a few. Although training volumes and intensities and competition frequency are important factors in this equation, athletes and coaches need to be aware of nontraining stresses that can contribute to overtraining, including nutrition, general health, lifestyle issues such as sleep behavior, and environmental stresses caused by juggling life areas such as school or family. When a number of these stressors combine, they can lead to emotional distress and an increased susceptibility to overtraining. So just as all athletes may react differently to the same training load, they may also react differently to other life elements that interact with their training and lead to overtraining. Good coaches and self-aware athletes pay attention to such outside stressors and adjust the training accordingly.

According to physiological research, we cannot define the exact point at which training goes from being effective to negative for all athletes. In fact, our understanding of the interaction of physical and psychological stress shows that such a point cannot exist, since overtraining is an individualized response. The good news is that this understanding points to a direction for intervention. Although simply reducing the training load is not a guarantee against overtraining, careful and individual tailoring of the training load, with a simultaneous awareness of the effects of other life stresses, helps to optimize training plans.

Athletes can help themselves by doing the following:

• Developing self-awareness of how training and other life stresses are likely to affect them

• Proactively learning strategies to deal with sport and non-sport stressors

• Recognizing the symptoms of overtraining

• Regularly using training logs and other behavioral monitoring techniques to assess optimal training levels

• Learning and properly using recovery techniques

• Striving for balance between sport, school, work, family, social aspects, and other life elements

• Choosing the right coach, who, balances support and challenge in training situations; is a good communicator; encourages recovery, and helps other athletes thrive.

Coaches can help themselves by doing the following:

• Understanding the causes of overtraining, including the fact that it can be brought on by numerous sport as well as non-sport factors

• Taking time to know their athletes, understanding how all kinds of stress may affect them and how vulnerable they are to overtraining

• Creating a supportive and challenging coaching environment that allows athletes to honestly share their thoughts and feelings about their training

• Incorporating regular monitoring of training intensities for each athlete by using logbooks, heart rate assessment, and pencil-and-paper tests

• Adding recovery strategies as a regular part of training, and using good training/recovery principles

• Keeping hard training fun

How coaches and athletes can more effectively accomplish this task will be the focus of future blog posts.